Low Energy Availability (LEA) Isn’t Just a Female issue, it also hurts Men's Performance too!

With all these fad diets like keto, and intermittent fasting just to name a few, being promoted all across the social media stratosphere, there has been an uptick in the low energy availability (LEA) across the entire group of endurance athletes. This is especially seen in my practice with many of my clients/athletes being female. However, I also coach a local tri club with somewhere in the range of 400 plus members, and the number of men being affected by LEA is just as high, they just don’t talk about it like women do. 

We all hear LEA in reference to women in sport, and especially in younger women when it used to be called the female athlete triad. Regardless of age, it has debilitating negative effects for all. The damage it causes in women is, dangerously low bone mineral density, reproduction dysfunction, hypotension, hypoglycemia, and suppressed immune system just to name a few (1). However did you know that for men the negative effects are just as bad. Decreased hormone levels (both decreased testosterone production but also estrogen, and yes men have estrogen too), decreased bone mineral density (it’s not just a women’s issue), muscle loss, psychological issues (irritability, depression, decreased concentration), and performance decline (2). 

The one thing I tell every one of them, women AND men, when it comes to avoiding LEA, is that it starts with eating enough.

What is LEA? How is it defined?

Low energy availability (LEA) represents a state in which the body does not have enough energy left to support all the physiological functions needed to maintain optimal health. LEA may result from altered dietary behaviors that are caused by body dissatisfaction, the belief that a lower body weight will result in greater performance, or social pressure to look a certain way. Pressure can also be experienced from the coach, teammates, and in this day and age through social media platforms.

Knowing what your body composition is, is the first step to understanding how to avoid LEA. 

If you know your body composition, you can start with using the following equation (3) for determining your energy availability, EA for short. Dietary energy intake (kcal) minus your exercise energy expenditure (kcal) divided by your fat free mass (FFM) in kilograms (kg). 

EA = (Daily intake(kcal) - Exercise Energy Expenditure (kcal)) / Fat Free mass (kg)

You want the final number (EA) to be over 45 calories per kilogram of FFM; 50 calories per kilogram FFM is a good number to aim for if you train regularly. Anything less than 30 calories per kg is defined as LEA, and at that point you start experiencing health risks after only 5 days of low EA (4). These numbers are the same for both women and men regardless of age or hormonal season in life (5). 

Recommendations for avoiding LEA

First and foremost, fuel for the work required! This means providing enough carbohydrate relative to your upcoming session, but finishing that session not fully depleted and eating as soon after exercise as possible. Thanks to the amazing work by Dr Stacy Sims and Selene Yeager for their work on Road and Next Level, not only has there been research on this, there are guidelines specifically for women in all phases of life.

The recommendations on carbohydrates and protein intake based on intensity for peri and postmenopausal athletes….these are slightly higher than the requirements that most people see from research, that is because most research is done on young college age men, and does NOT apply to women.

Carbohydrates: 

Moderate to high intensity training days, lasting 60-120 minutes: You need 3 to 3.5 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram. 

Light or active recovery days: aim for 2.5 grams per kilogram. 

For short intense days (think HIIT, CrossFit): aim for 2.5 to 3 grams of carbs per kilogram. 

Endurance Training 2-5 hours of intense training per day (distance swim/bike/run): Aim for 5 to6 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram.

Extreme intense training of 5 or more hours a day (Ironwoman/man type events): Aim for 6 to 8 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram

Protein:

Strength & Power phases of training: You need 2.0 to 2.2 grams per kilogram.

Endurance phases of training: You need 1.8 to 2.0 grams per kilogram.

For recovery days: You need 1.8 grams per kilogram.

For optimal recovery try to get 30 to 40 grams of protein within 30 minutes post event/training.

To stimulate maximal muscle protein synthesis aim for a per-meal amount of 0.5 to 0.6 grams per kilogram of protein.

A note on protein, especially for women. If you don’t eat any protein, your body will not use carbohydrates for refueling muscle and liver glycogen, as it is supposed to; instead the carbs you eat will assist in repairing your muscles.Meaning when you go to exercise next time your energy stores will be low due to the carbs being used for muscle repair instead of glycogen storage for fueling exercise.  Protein is also necessary to facilitate fat loss, as it keeps the muscles repairing and rebuilding, a process that allows carbohydrates to refuel the muscles and liver - thus allowing fat stores to stay empty (6).

These numbers are a little lower for men when it comes to protein as their hormones naturally are building their muscles at all times. Women on the other hand have a hormone that builds and a hormone that breaks down, thus why it is so much more important for women to eat the proper amount and not go into LEA. 

Nutrition is a nuanced field, we all need to figure out what exactly works for us. Both for Women and Men by aiming to fuel appropriately from breakfast to dinner, then stopping eating about 2 hours before bed, you are on the right track for optimal training adaptations, recovery, and health. So stay fueled, avoid LEA, and crush your next event. 

1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9724109/#:~:text=The%20health%20concerns%20associated%20with,the%20risk%20of%20injury%20or

2. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijsnem/28/4/article-p385.xml#:~:text=The%20reviewed%20literature%20indicates%20that%20a%20prolonged,when%20approaching%20the%20lower%20limits%20of%20BF.

3. https://sportsmedicine-open.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40798-020-00275-6

4. https://asbmr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1359/JBMR.040410

5. https://thesportjournal.org/article/low-energy-availability-lea-in-male-athletes-a-review-of-the-literature/

6. Next Level: Your Guide to Kicking Ass, Feeling Great, and Crushing Goals Through Menopause and Beyond

Building Endurance: How Menopausal Women Can Train Smarter

We all know that in order to build a strong aerobic body, we need to do lots and lots and lots and lots of zone2 training. But as women age, especially in peri and post menopause their ability to recover from these bouts of exercise takes longer. However, we are also built for this. If you have been paying attention to the endurance sports world of late, you will have noticed that women have been making the news. A lot. And even a few have taken an Overall win, such as Fiona Kolbinger in the Transcontinental bike race, an Ultra endurance event. This is due to our ability to prefer fat use over carbohydrate, and our bodies ability to store more fat, and retrieve it easier than our male counterparts.

With that in mind though, we do need to be careful with the long endurance training as we age, and be mindful to mix it up, but also listen to our bodies and give them a rest when they ask for it. And they do ask for it. When I say mix it up, I’m talking about not only the mode of which you are participating, be it, run, bike, swim, hike, or other. I’m also talking about the intensity in which you are doing it. There isn’t just one way to build that cardiovascular system, so why do we see some people only train one way. Now I get it some people just don’t like anything but that one form of movement they choose, or maybe they cannot, for whatever reason, use another form of cardiovascular training. Let’s get creative then. Let’s find you at least one other form of cardiovascular movement that you can do even just once a week to break things up.

Now that you have found that other form of cardiovascular fun, now I’m going to tell you to ALSO do 2 more things. What??? You are probably saying. This is all part of making sure you are well rounded and a complete and durable athlete/human, and not one that is going to be held back by annoying little niggles, as we like to call them. In addition to your Zone 2 training, I’m going to challenge you to do at least once a week of HIIT’s/SIT’s and at least once a week, preferably twice, of strength training, AND short bouts of mobility right before your endurance workouts. Why, oh Why do I forsake you like this??? Because as we age, our bodies do not like the repetitive activities, it breaks them down much faster than when we were younger, and we need more time between bouts to recover. So instead of taking a full day off, I know you would rather keep moving, do it in a different way.

Let’s say you are an Ultra Runner, and you are training to do a 50 mile run, be it a race or you just want to complete it. If you go out and run zone2 for 5-6 workouts a week, yes you will get better, but at some point your body is going to say it’s had enough. And training that way will only build your zone2 base of fitness, and remember there are many more aspects of fitness. Instead let me break down a week I’ve given to my athletes who have already been training for several years, and they are going into their offseason. Huh, sound about right for this time of year?


Monday: gentle mobility and lots of stretching and foam rolling and even a massage if needed.

Tuesday: Morning - Strength & Plyometrics. Evening - Pre-run Mobility, then Track intervals, for top end speed and run form.

Wednesday: Pre-run Mobility, Recovery Run All Zone2, post run mobility.

Thursday: Morning Strength & Plyometrics. Evening Cross Train Day: either bike or swim for 60-90 minutes of mostly zone2 with a few short Zone4 bursts.

Friday: Pre-run Mobility, Tempo/Fartlek Run (this is an undulation between Zone 2-4 efforts).

Saturday: Cross Train - Long bike/hike/swim (several hours if possible) etc. Afternoon Core strength & Mobility.

Sunday: Pre-run mobility, Long Run (several hours depending on where they are in their training) mostly Zone2 with some short efforts into Zone3/4 on hills.


Doing something more like this example week versus Zone2 for 5 to 6 days a week, will not only produce results sooner, but your body won't always feel beat up and run down. Keep it fresh and change it up often. Don’t skip your strength and mobility, and please please please don’t just do Zone2.

The reason we ALSO need strength training isn’t just to make us overall stronger, it’s to help build our bones. Again as we age that osteoporosis nightmare likes to pop its evil head up for some of us. But, you can decrease its effects by lifting consistently, twice a week, and lifting HEAVY-for-you weights. When I say heavy I’m talking about something you can ONLY lift for 4-6 reps, and doing that for 4-6 sets. Now what are you waiting for? Get out there and get moving. Switch things up, lift heavy stuff, run fast, faster, fastest. And by all means HAVE FUN doing it.

The Impact of Sleep on Performance for Menopausal Triathletes

Sleep disturbances are prevalent during the stages of perimenopause and even into menopause, and their impact extends beyond nighttime restlessness. Poor sleep quality and insufficient sleep can contribute to multitudes of health conditions in women, including cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairments and mental health issues.

Not getting enough sleep can affect all areas of your life. Lack of sleep can make you feel even more irritable or depressed, might cause you to be more forgetful, and can even lead to falls. Research now suggests that waking from sleep may trigger hot flashes, rather than a hot flash waking you from your sleep.

In addition to the above mentioned issues, the physiological issues that arise from lack of sleep during menopause can be:

• Insufficient sleep can contribute to cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairments, and mental health issues.

• Sleep loss can increase appetite and can lead to weight gain. 

• Sleep loss can affect metabolic health, including energy expenditure, body adiposity, and eating behaviors.

• Sleep loss is prevalent in postmenopausal women and is 2 to 3 times more likely than in younger women.

• Menstrual cycle disruption. Sleep loss affects the hormone leptin, which is produced in lower quantities when women don't get enough sleep and in turn it affects ovulation.

All of those will significantly affect your ability to train, and maintain your fitness in whatever sport you are trying to participate in. Instead of suffering, there are things you can do. The following is a list of easy to control things that may help you sleep better and thus be able to maintain your fitness.

• Create a sleep schedule: Try to go to bed and wake up at the same time each day. 

• Avoid napping: Napping in the late afternoon or evening can make it harder to sleep at night. 

• Avoid heavy meals and caffeine: like coffee, tea, and chocolate, close to bedtime. 

• Avoid alcohol: Even small amounts of alcohol can make it harder to fall asleep and stay asleep. 

• Create a bedtime routine: Try reading, listening to music, or taking a warm bath before bed. 

• Keep your bedroom comfortable: Make sure your bedroom is a comfortable temperature and as quiet as possible. You can also try using 100% cotton or bamboo sheets to feel cooler. 

• Avoid screen time: The light from devices like TVs, computers, and phones can make it harder to fall asleep. 

• Exercise regularly: Regular exercise can help improve sleep, but avoid exercising right before bed. For some this causes a rise in metabolic rate for hours 

• Try relaxation techniques: Relaxation techniques can help stimulate the body's parasympathetic nervous system, which helps you slow down and prepare for sleep. 

• Consider hormone replacement therapy: Hormone Therapy (HT) can help with hot flashes and other menopause symptoms, which can lead to more restful sleep. 

For me I’ve changed a few of the above suggestions with much benefit, such as avoiding big meals, caffeine and alcohol close to bedtime. I’ve stopped all screens about an hour before bed, and just recently started hormones, and so far my hot flashes have nearly gone away (I was having a couple dozen a day, plus a couple changes of clothes throughout the day), and I can sleep again!

If you are still having trouble sleeping it may be time to talk to your doctor. If your doctor isn't listening or just saying to take melatonin or get a white noise machine, it’s time for a new doctor. That new doctor can be found through NAMS, North American Menopause Society, or reach out to Midi Health. Both of these places are where you will find doctors who have been trained in everything menopause, and that’s their wheelhouse. They care about treating you and listening to your very individual issues and needs. One thing most people don’t realize is that doctors, including ObGyn's, don't get much, if any, menopause training. So stop seeing someone who isn’t trained in your needs.

There are plenty of communities out there to join and share your stories, and hear others. My favorite is the Feisty Media Menopause group on Instagram and Facebook, which I am a part of. I enjoy reading about others journeys and sharing mine. It's a group of women 40+ who are experiencing the plethora of peri and postmenopausal symptoms. Who knows, you may resonate with one that leads you to getting the health care direction you need. Just know you are not alone, so stop suffering alone. In fact stop suffering. Get the help you deserve.

Further reading here

Sleep and Sleep Disorders in the Menopause Transition: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6092036/

Why your sleep can really suck during menopause: https://www.feistymenopause.com/blog/why-your-sleep-can-really-suck-during-menopause#:~:text=Common%20Causes%20of%20Fragmented%20Sleep%20in%20Menopause&text=Avoid%20eating%20a%20big%20meal,earplugs%20and%20an%20eye%20mask.Hot Flashes: https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/menopause/sleep-problems-and-menopause-what-can-i-do#:~:text=Hot%20flashes%2C%20especially%20night%20sweats,sleep%20aids%20such%20as%20melatonin

Mobility IS for Endurance Athletes, AND those in Peri & Post Menopause

 

Many of you know that participation in endurance sports requires many hours of training per week both in your sport, in strength sessions, and maybe even visits to the massage therapist, physical therapist or chiropractor. Wouldn’t it be nice to not need to see the physical therapist or massage therapist or chiropractor? But instead to go see one of them because you want to, not need to?

How often do you focus on mobility? Do you know what mobility is, and how it can help you stay out of the PT and massage therapists office? 

Adding a great mobility plan to your endurance sport training is good for…

Injury prevention: Triathletes subject their bodies to significant repetitive, high impact movements, increasing their risk for overuse injuries. Many have several overuse injuries. Mobility workouts address muscle imbalances, reduce stiffness, and enhance joint stability, and nervous system regulation, ultimately lowering their potential for injuries.

Enhanced Performance: Imagine a swim long, powerful stroke that moves through the water effortlessly propelling you further than you are going right now. Or how about a pedal stroke on the bike in your deepest aero position that feels powerful and efficient as it does when you are upright. What about your run gait that is long, balanced and little vertical oscillation? Incorporating mobility exercises into your routine can improve not just your joint range of motion, but your strength in that new range, increasing power output along with better biomechanics and efficiency across all your disciplines.

Smoother Recovery: Endurance sports are demanding, physically, mentally and emotionally. When you have a solid mobility routine, this can aid in faster recovery through reducing muscle and joint stiffness, and continuing to maintain full ranges of motion that don’t limit your movement. With more fluid movement you'll be more willing to hit that hard workout once your planned recovery period is over, and not have to wait long for your next hard set.

The 40+ Woman

Perimenopause is where your hormones are on a crazy unpredictable roller coaster ride. Some days they are up, some down, and some days you’ll get extremes of both. This is what causes the symptoms, such as hot flashes or night sweats. They are also responsible for brain fog, irritability and decreased sleep. Wait, there's more. Don't forget about tight joints, and decreased muscle and bone mass to name a few. These things can sometimes go away after menopause, but some may still linger. Regardless of which of these periods of your life you are in, wouldn't it be nice to have control over even just one of those issues? Tight joints perhaps? You’ll benefit from doing focussed mobility training along with your triathlon training which will make your journey to the finish line more enjoyable.

You may have noticed that it takes you longer to warm up. There may also be joint aches and pains sometimes for no apparent reason. Before your traditional warm up, an additional mobility specific warm up may be helpful. This mobility work focuses on slowly moving your joints to warm them and the nervous system up. While doing them you will also increase your heart rate. The nice thing about mobility work is that it is a GREAT post-exercise cool down too. Doing them post workout will help bring your heart rate down while calming your central nervous system.

Functional Range Conditioning Mobility

When I talk about mobility, many people think of typical stretching and dynamic warm ups. But that is not it. I’m talking about specific, joint movement patterns that focus on your available range of motion. These movements will also help you improve your range of motion and strength, in a controlled systematic way. This practice is called Functional Range Conditioning, FRC for short. In short it is to “increase one's active, usable ranges of motion by simultaneously improving articular mobility, strength/resilience, and neurological control”. All things that start to deteriorate when we hit perimenopause. See how they define mobility work here.

When I first start with my athletes or clients, they always get a mobility screen. With this I learn where their limiters are, and it gives us a place to start building them up to be more durable. These limiters are worked on by starting each session, be it their swim/bike/run or strength sessions with the specific mobility exercises to address their needs. Then this allows us to shorten their warm up and get right into the heart of the workout.

 

Here is a quick video (sped up x10) on how I prep my ankles and hips before I run. It has helped me tremendously with getting rid of ankle, hip and back stiffness at the beginning of my runs. I feel better, so I run better, longer, and recover quicker as a result.

Above is a video for those swimmers looking to improve their shoulder mobility and strength to have a more powerful swim stroke. This mobility exercise focuses on shoulder external rotation both in increasing your range of motion, but improving nervous system function/control of that range of motion, AND building strength in the new range of motion…turn the volume up, I was having microphone issues.

The Long Haul

Are you looking to stay in your sport as long as YOU want to? If yes, then you’ve got to focus on more than swim, bike and run fitness. I’ve seen some amazing older athletes. At Nationals, this year, the oldest female competitor (and oldest competitor) was 84. This doesn't just happen. Go beyond SBR and work on your strength and especially your mobility.

Back-to-Back Race Planning: Triathlons/Events

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Whether you’re looking to use a race as a means of focus to get fit and healthy, or the races you really want to do just happen to be a few weeks up to a month apart, training for this will require some special attention. It can be done, but you need to set yourself up with a plan well ahead of time to make sure to give yourself enough time to peak, and also rest and recover from the training necessary to make this possible.

Quite a few years ago, my first year of racing triathlons actually, I got signed up for a Full Iron Distance (140.6 miles) Triathlon, but had never even participated in a triathlon before. I knew it was going to be a lot to get ready for a 2.4 mile swim, 112 mile bike and a full marathon. So I decided to sign up for all the triathlon distances in that year (Sprint, Olympic, 70.3 and 140.6) in order to get ready for the big one. I’d been coaching athletes mostly in cycling events, road racing, criterium, and time trial, and I had a new athlete who was doing triathlons. She's the reason I signed up for the race! Luckily I had 7 months to prepare for it. With the triathlon season starting in April and my big race in July, there was the potential for multiple races happening within a short period of each other.

I look back now and can reflect, and objectively recognize and understand learning points that I gained from that experience. The amount of work I put in that year was incredible, and NOT what I would be able to do now as a masters athlete. My recovery between hard bouts was poor, and my nutrition questionable. It made me start thinking, “How do endurance athletes race events successfully back to back?” Well I learned a lot, and have been using that experience to help my athletes plan for seasons where you may have several races clumped up close to one another.

Plan Well Ahead of Time

Before you even start training for your events, you must plan out your season to build up for a big event or events. Identify which event(s) are most important to you, and which are more of just the experience event. This may be Nationals, an Ironman sanctioned event, a world championship or the local event you want to win or PR in.

Once you’ve decided, then you can address how you want to treat all your events throughout the season. Do I want to be competitive in that distance? Do I want to finish in a certain time? Are there qualification requirements to get into the race(s)? Has your nutrition and hydration been a pain point for you? Etc.

To help you organize your races/events there is this wonderful labeling system for this sort of thing. They are labeled as “A,” “B” or “C” events based on how important they are to you. You can have more than one “A” race in a year, but you have to really be sure there is enough time between them to prepare for each one adequately. More importantly, after one of these “A” races, you’ll need to recover, rebuild and then re-peak.

Lastly you need to make sure that mentally and emotionally you have committed to these race labels, not just on paper. I’ve seen athletes say that an event is only a “C,” but then their nemesis shows up at the event and they go all out, throwing their hard work and recovery plans out the door. It’s best to keep to your plan as best you can for the best possible outcome.

Manage your Load

I use the Annual Training Plan (ATP) on Training Peaks to help build a season, and it’s the perfect management system. The ATP will allow you to plan out when your build, transition, peak and recovery times will be. It will also allow you to track your amount of weekly stress and compare it to how you feel you are recovering. With that information it will allow you to figure out how much training is needed to peak for your “A” race, and any other races that may be close to it, and also how much recovery you will need to make the peak the strongest possible.

When building your ATP it is helpful if you have some prior training. This allows you to see how much training you were capable of and how long it took you to recover from it. Even if you don’t have prior info, you can still plan out your training, you will just need to be patient as it may take some time to figure out your capabilities.

Many of my long course athletes like doing an ultramarathon or marathon event during the winter or early season to help boost their running fitness. As a coach I can argue both ways if it is beneficial or not, but if it is not your main race, why shy away from doing a long bike ride the day before to simulate racing? Equally, remember that each triathlon distance or endurance event brings with it different physiological stresses that have to be trained for. What you have to be good at for long distance triathlon racing is very different from the sprint or standard distance races.

Recover Right

When you race, you are pushing your body to the limit. Things like carbohydrate storages will be low and cortisol will be higher than they would normally be. If you don’t recover properly, you could end up ill, injured, fatigued or lose interest all together. Racing is exhausting both physically and mentally, and a recovery phase can bring you back to form and feeling stronger than before.This is how we allow our bodies to adapt to the training we just put it through. Think of it this way, Build, Peak, Race, Recover, Build from a higher level of fitness, Peak higher, Race better, Recover, Repeat.

The truth is, no matter how much pre-planning you have made, you can never fully estimate how you will fare after the event, especially if the event in question is long distance. When you are racing back-to-back events, don’t have unrealistic expectations of “smashing” each race. Treat the race with the priority it deserves based on your goals. Then the recovery process becomes much easier. Most importantly, listen to your body, not your ego. Your body may need more recovery than the plan gives, you’ll need to let your coach know and adapt the program as necessary.

Equally, if you have decided to train straight through one race to your next event, do exactly that, put in the big overload sessions as planned. Don’t shy away from them because you are tired. You had planned to be! Stick to your annual plan.

Often doing some familiar workout loops can help you compare yourself using time, speed, power or RPE. Your local loop lets you know how well you are feeling and performing so you can gauge your fatigue and overall performance level better.

Pay Attention to Signs of Over-Fatigue or Injury

I can’t say this enough, listen to your body. If you feel a niggle, address it, talk to your coach, don’t just follow the plan blindly. All aches and pains are information, and this information is useful. If you keep on struggling to hit targets, you may be going too hard too soon, or it may be time for a recovery week. Maybe you are more tired than you anticipated being at this point in the year, maybe your nutrition is in need of a check in. Make sure you bring this up with your coach, don’t just keep following the plan without saying something.

When you're training for these goals, you’re putting stress on your body, and it needs to be given time to recover. This will allow you to look at what you were doing, see if it was enough or not enough, and you can learn something new about yourself in the process.

Going back to my first year of racing and all the events I did within a 2 month span - I recall even now the comment of a teammate that I obviously heard but for whatever reason chose to ignore - probably because I was 35 and invincible - ,“Are you eating enough and getting enough recovery?”

Summary

At the end of the day, if you have plenty of time between events, you will want to reset and rebuild into the second event. However, if you only have a few weeks between your big events, you’ll most likely need to favor one over the other, and that would be something you went over with your coach in your annual training planning meeting.

The period in between two back-to-back races can literally make or break your season, so you’ll have to pay attention to both your training data and your body's overall energy or fatigue then make your decision based on both of them. This is where a coach can really help you through giving an objective perspective to help you keep on track for your “A” race(s).

USAT Multisport National's Races

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Sitting in my hotel room in Montreal a week after competing at Multisport Nationals in Omaha, NE, I'm still beaming with excitement. It's been several years now since I competed at something more than a local event. Actually, 2019 was the last time I went to Nationals, and now I have returned again in 2024.

This time they combined Duathlon with Aquathlon, Draft Legal Sprint Tri, Mixed Team Relay Triathlon and Duathlon. It is now called Multisport National Festival, and a festival it was. There were a total of 11 events to compete in, and anyone who signed up for 5 or more would receive a Masters of Competition Buckle. Being that I don't swim, currently, I was not able to sign up for enough events to get a buckle, but to be honest I really didn't want one. 

This year's events that I signed up for were the Non-Draft Super Sprint Time Trial Duathlon, long name - short race. I also signed up for the Draft Legal Sprint Duathlon, and the Mixed Team Relax Super Sprint Duathlon. You must be wondering, what in the world are those? Let's start with Duathlon. The races are set up so you start with a Run, then Bike and end with another run. The Super Sprint distance was 1 kilometer sprint/run, 5 kilometer bike and ended with another 1 kilometer sprint/run. Yep, you can imagine this one is blazing fast. Done in under 18 minutes, and redlining it from the moment the whistle blew. 

The Draft Legal Sprint Duathlon was a little longer, but still just as intense, effort-wise.. This event starts with a 5 kilometer run, followed by a 20 kilometer bike which is draft legal, meaning we can work off one another, and finishes with a 2.5 kilometer run. When I talk about draft legal, that means that when you are on the bike you can draft off other riders, meaning you can get closer than in non-drafting events where you must stay anywhere from 3-6 bike lengths away depending on the rules of the race.

The Mixed Team Relax Super Sprint Duathlon was the same distance as my first race 1k/5k/1k but we had 4 people doing the exact same race then tagging the next until all four of us finished. The relay is supposed to be 4 people within the same 10 year age category, but there were not enough teams for my age category and 3 people from 2 age groups older than me needed one more woman, so I got assigned to the 60-69 age group. This race went male-female-male-female, and I was the anchor.

Back to the first day of the Multisport Festival my teammates and I all purchased the VIP tent passes for the week. Let me tell you that was the best thing we could have done. The venue itself didn't have many shady spots, nor did it have many comfortable spots unless you brought your own cushions, etc.. The VIP tent provided couches, a nice tent to keep us all shaded, ice cold refreshments, breakfast, lunch, coffee, and in the evenings beer and wine, though not many people took part in that until the last night. The VIP tent also had an on site massage therapist (for extra cash), and Hyperice Normatec Leg compression units for us to use as needed. Because the VIP tent was accessed only by wrist band, we felt safe enough to leave our bags in the tent. This came in handy when we wanted to go walk around the rest of the venue, go grab our bikes from transition, or go to our races. They even had secure bike parking in VIP. The best part about VIP is it sat right at the finish line, so when our teammates would be coming through we could see them and cheer them on their final, exhausted steps until they finished. 

Each morning before the day got started my teammates and I would ride the 3.5 miles from our AirBnB to the race venue, settle down in VIP, and mentally prepare for our events. My first event was on Thursday at 7am. I do love an early morning race, no time to sit and get nervous or overthink. Just get up, and get going. The Super Sprint Time Trial was my first event (1k/5k/1k) and they sent us off in groups of 3 in a rolling start with about 5 seconds between groups. This was due to it being a non-draft legal race and being on such a short bike course they needed to spread us out otherwise there would end up being drafting by default. As soon as the whistle went, I was like a slingshot, taking off at warp speed. I knew I wanted to get out front as quickly as possible and didn't want to get held up by any potential slower riders.

At the turn around for the first run, I looked at my watch to check my heart rate as I felt like I was definitely pushing hard. To my surprise it was not as high as I expected, but my pace was faster than I expected. I was keeping about a 6:20 pace with a 160 heart rate and feeling like I could maintain that intensity through the bike no problem. The transition was a long point to point transition so everyone's T1 & T2 were long, but I made it out on the bike in a good position, held that position through the bike and onto the second run. I was feeling pretty gutted by the time I hit the turn around on run 2. Again I looked at my watch to see my pace had dropped to 6:40 and my heart rate was now pushing 170. This is to be expected as I was nearing the end of the race and had been trying to maintain as much redline as I could for this short race. In the end I felt like I finished strong and I took 2nd in my age group, with my teammate taking 3rd. My finish also got me a 3rd place finish in the Masters Category (someone in two age groups older beat me by 2 seconds for 2nd place).

I got to enjoy Friday off and watch my teammates do their Sprint Tris and Aquathlon's. Everyone did really well in their respective events. I may have even been inspired to consider doing an actual swimming event next year. Maybe. We will see. LOL. My teammates and I ended up spending the entire day at the venue, so by the time we all got back to our AirBnB we were pretty tired. But first dinner. Let me tell you, you’ve never seen a kitchen get so busy than when you have 5 athletes cooking dinner at the same time. The amount of food, messes, bumping into one another, and laughter made it all worth it. At that point we all pretty much decided we would like to come back next year and stay together again. 

Saturday, the day of my draft legal race, we all could feel the humidity rising. This time my race was not the first on the day, we started about 10am. This in combination with my forgetting to bring my own electrolytes turned out to be a bad thing for me. This race was just long enough to be affected by my lack of electrolytes in my daily intake, and in my race fuel. I started off with the 5k moving quite well, though I knew I needed to keep a little in the tank so backed off the pace after a mile in.

I wanted to stay close to the front pack in hopes of being able to draft off them during the bike. This didn’t happen, since they were all running at about a 5:50 pace, and I was running at a 6:50 pace. I got out on my bike for the draft legal 2 lap course with 2 women just seconds in front of me and 3 more just seconds behind me. I worked my butt off to catch the first woman in front of me, telling her to get on my wheel and let's go catch the other woman up the road.

That move helped us three get away from the following group. We were able to stay together on the first lap, sharing pulls every 30 seconds. But on the short climb on the second lap we fell apart. With no one else to work with, the 3 of us had to do about 5k on our own with no help. But the time I got into transition I could feel something was wrong. My right leg was starting to get pins and needles. I only had 2.5k left to run so I shook it off and took off on the course at the turn around I felt my foot going numb and my quad starting to get muscle spasms. I kept trying to run but started to feel like I was going to trip so it became a weird wobble-jog.

By the time I crossed the finish line my pace had slowed by over a minute on my pace, and I lost 3 overall positions in the last kilometer, but luckily no positions in my age group. Turns out I was dehydrated and low on electrolytes. That actually came as no surprise since I had left my electrolytes at home and was not enjoying the Gatorade they had for use at the venue. This right here is one of the biggest things I stress with my athletes, remember your nutrition/hydration especially if you can only use certain ones. It took me 4 Gatorade bottles and 2 water bottles and 4 hours before I was able to go pee. That was a position I never want to be in again, and caution to my athletes to not get there. Even with the dehydration issue I still held on to 2nd place in my age group, for another podium finish, with my teammate on the 3rd step again.

We went out to dinner that night, I still had one more race the next morning at about 10am again. We went to the best steakhouse in Omaha, Brother Sebastian’s in an old monastery. I enjoyed half of my 8 ounce steak and sauteed mushrooms, plus my sides of wild rice, and a salad.

The next morning we all got up early and headed over the the race venue for the last day of races. All my teammates had the Mixed Team Triathlon Relay first, then when they were all done my Mixed Team Duathlon Relay race got underway. My group consisted of some very accomplished 60+’s, all of whom have not only podiumed at their age group and younger age groups, but have gone to the World events as well. We had a pretty good team but my age put us in a lower age category than they should have been in. No matter, we all put forth a wonderful effort. The first 3 racers set me up for a wonderful finish, bringing me close to the next 2 teams in front of us and I was able to pass both of them in the last half kilometer before the finish moving us up 2 places in the overall finish. Our team took 7th overall and 3rd in our age category. 

In all this was a great event. I plan on going back next year, as do all my teammates. We all also know that the bike course was not flat as we all were told. This means a slight bit of change for the bike training next year, working in short climbs and rolling in terrain more. Also something I learned was that I really need to not just double but triple check my luggage and make sure I have my nutrition stuff that is of the utmost importance. I do not want to suffer again like I did this year.

Heat Stress on Summer Training

 

What is Heat Stress?

Cycling in the heat causes a number of physiological changes that seriously affect your performance, such as an increase in heart rate, core body temperature, skin temperature, sweat rate, and blood lactate — none of which is beneficial to performance. When your heart rate rises, for example, your body has to work harder to push the same amount of power into the pedals.

Exercising in the heat isn’t just hard , it can also be extremely dangerous. Your core body temperature and hydration status are two internal barometers that won’t change much before you can become incapacitated. A study from the Journal of Applied Physiology* looked at the effects of dehydration and hyperthermia as they put trained cyclists through a series of four max-effort cycling tests in varying conditions. With a 1°C increase in core body temperature, hyperthermia, caused a 16% reduction in VO2max, in addition to reduced oxygen uptake and a significantly elevated maximal heart rate.

Another study** showed that cyclists can experience a 4-5°C increase in core body temperature during a sub-hour time trial effort in the heat. In all of these studies, heat stress and power output are negatively correlated. In other words, as the body heats up, power output goes down.

However, being well-hydrated, acclimating to heat and humidity, and having high aerobic fitness, you can decrease the effects of heat stress on your body and your sport performance. This helps explain why a ride at the end of August can feel a lot different than a ride in June. By the end of the summer, your body has had time to adapt to the hot and humid conditions, therefore improving your performance in the heat. So what can you do to beat heat stress disruption in your training?

Top Ways to Mitigate Heat Stress

1. Fluid Ingestion

Drink cold fluids before, during, and after a hot ride. Cold fluid ingestion is especially helpful because it keeps you hydrated, maintains blood volume, and lowers core temperature simultaneously. With fluids you need to have a good mix of water and electrolytes. When too much water or sugary drink dilutes blood sodium levels, your body is headed toward hyponatremia, a dangerous and potentially fatal condition. This is especially important for women in peri and postmenopause and women in the luteal stage of their cycle, as they have a lower volume of water in their body and a more rapid rise in core temperature during the early stages of exercise.

To avoid hyponatremia, you will need to practice the concentrations of your drinks, everyone is different. I can’t just say drink to thirst, as peri/postmenopause women have a decreased thirst drive even though they need more fluids, and for everyone else you are not all the same, nor do you require the same amount of fluids. I can say that according to Dr. Stacy Sims, the leading researcher on all things womens physiology and exercise, recommends to use a mix of 4% carbohydrate (about 7-9.4 grams), Sodium 180 to 225 milligrams, and Potassium 60 to 75 milligrams per 8 ounces of water. If you notice the amount of sugar is much lower than many off the shelf sports drinks, they come in at about 5 to 9% sugar, and some even higher. The reason we avoid this high concentration is that it can cause gastric distress. The intestines will not be able to allow the passing of your drink through your intestinal walls with that concentration so then fluid will just sit there. Sitting there feeling heavy and causing your core temp to rise, and performance to decrease, all the while inching closer to heat stress that is dangerous.

 
2. Aerobic Fitness

A 2019 meta-analysis*** on heat stress concluded that aerobic fitness was a highly effective strategy for heat stress mitigation. This speaks worlds about your base fitness levels, and what that means to the importance of overall fitness. Your body is extremely strong and resilient when it is aerobically fit — oxygen is flowing, mitochondria are operating at full capacity, and your heart is pumping blood to the muscles efficiently. This is a great reminder that aerobic fitness (Zone 2 training) is important year-round, not just in the off-season.

3. Pre-Exercise Cooling

You don’t need a fancy, special-made ice vest like what you may see from a World Level Athlete to stay cool before your race. Pre-exercise cooling includes anything that you do to cool your body. This can be as simple as moving from the sun to the shade during your warm-up, drinking ice cold water, or putting an ice sock down the back of your shirt. My favorite cooling technique is to freeze a handheld water bottle the night before a run/ride. When running you get to carry it in the palm of your hand which feels great. When running you can hold it to your neck as needed, or stick it down your shirt for cooling. That same handheld bottle can go in the back jersey pocket while riding. You can also buy some cheap pantyhose, fill them up with ice, tie them off, and shove them down the back of your jersey before the start of a training session.

 
4. Heat Acclimation

One study**** showed that just 10 days of heat acclimatization improved time trial performance, power output, plasma volume, and maximal cardiac output in both hot and cool conditions. Most studies find that 9-12 days of heat acclimatization training is the minimum amount necessary to earn physiological and performance adaptations.

Athletes should aim for easy sessions (~50% VO2max) lasting 60-90 minutes in hot temperatures 80+F. Depending on where you live, you might be able to go outside for an easy ride or run in these conditions. But for those in cooler climates, you can simulate hot and humid conditions by riding indoors without a fan or even with the windows closed.

You don’t need to be doing heat training rides every day, however. Just two to three workouts in the heat a week over the course of the 2 weeks is enough, in most cases, to build the adaptations. You’ll quickly realize that even at an easy Zone 1 power output, your heart rate and RPE can climb into the upper Zones. On the days when you are doing a much harder workout, try to do it at a cooler time of day. We all know this isn’t always possible, so understand that if you do have to do your hard workout in the peak of the heat, your performance will be lower than you know you can do, until you have acclimated to the heat. To be safe it’s best to back off on either the intensity, or the number of intervals when you haven’t had the time to properly acclimate.

5. Skin Protection

This isn't heat acclimation per se, but damaged/burned skin can have a detrimental affect on your performance in the heat. When our skin burns it loses it's ability to function properly and thus both cooling and heating will be affected.  This happens because burns can damage...

• Blood vessels, which can make it difficult for the body to control temperature
• Sweat Glands, which can make it difficult for the skin to cool through sweating
• Skin surface area, burns reduce the amount of skins surface area that can release heat

All that is to say protect your skin from sun burn damage. Use UVA and UVB sun blocks, use special clothing to protect you. Do whatever you can to protect your skin from damage.

To wrap things up, remember to have plenty of fluids on board before, during and after your workouts. Give yourself some Zone 2 training in the heat, and make sure your Zone 2 is strong. Be patient as the adaptations can take up to 2 weeks or longer to start feeling stronger at the higher intensities. Don’t forget when going hard, you need to keep your core temp down, precooling and during exercise cooling are your friend.

If you are interested in deeper science stay tuned for a follow up to this blog post.



References

*Arngrímsson S.A. et al. (2003). Relation of heart rate to percent VO2 peak during submaximal exercise in the heat. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12391114/

**Racinais, S. et al. (2020). Core temperature up to 41.5ºC during the UCI Road Cycling World Championships in the heat. Retrieved from https://hal-insep.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02569281/document

***Alhadad S.B. et al. (2019). Efficacy of Heat Mitigation Strategies on Core Temperature and Endurance Exercise: A Meta-Analysis. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30842739/

****Lorenzo, S. et al. (2010). Heat acclimation improves exercise performance. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20724560/

Endurance Sports: Building Your Training Plan for the Year

As you may have figured out by now, I have been sharing lots of information about training for women specifically in peri and post menopause. Historically they have been left out of research, access to sport and even consideration for inclusion not to mention no information on how to train when the body and hormones are changing. It's highly important for me to share this information as this group is in dire need of movement in all the ways they can get it. This blog entry however, is about general population plan building for endurance sport athletes. This is not to say peri and post menopause women can't use this information, it just means once you get through this, there will be need for further adjustments after you've completed your plan.

Selecting Races/Events, Understanding Limiters

When planning for endurance sports, there are so many irons in the fire we need to keep in balance it may seem nearly impossible to know how to build your plan. I like to start by having my athletes fill out a year calendar, plot out a few races or events they want to do, then sit back and think on it for a bit. Once my athletes are sure this is what they want, then we can start.

Next step is to decide what your priority/A race is, this is the race you really want to do and or do very well at. You may have a couple of these but not all of your races should be signified as an A race.

The race schedule is up, your priority race(s) are chosen. Now we need to talk about limiters. Limiters are goal-specific weaknesses that decrease the chances of accomplishing a race/season goal. An example would be; you want to place well at a race that is very hilly, but you don't climb hills well. However, not all weaknesses are limiters. Let's say your weakness is hill climbing, but your race is pancake flat, your weakness will not be a limiter for that race.

How do you know what your limiter is? You have a limiter when your weakness matches up with the demands of a race. Once you know your limiters, you will be able to plan workout types based on abilities required to make progress toward your goals.

Periodization

We now need to understand the different periods of the year, otherwise known as periodization. This is how you break up your training segments of the year. These segments are Prep, Base, Build, Peak &Race (Taper), and Transition or Offseason.

Prep lasting about a month, is the first step and it consists of doing light exercise for fun. Using this time to focus on other sports, and in addition building up a good foundation of strength and mobility.

Base can last 2 to 3 months and focusses on low intensity, high volume training to build your foundation of aerobic endurance and durability. This prepares the body for the next phase, Build, where higher-intensity work, focusing on heart rate, power and paces where you are kept just under lactate threshold happen. This is also a good time to plan in some skill work, and start looking at your fueling needs to start creating a nutrition plan.

Build can last another 2 to 3 months depending on the length of your event. Here the focus shifts from aerobic volume building to increasing intensity and working on your specific limiters. Early on the focus will be adding intervals near lactate threshold, and steady state tempo workouts. As this phase progresses, higher intensity intervals at suprathreshold to maximal intensity is added to improve force, power and anaerobic capacity. You should also focus on course specific training. For example, hill repeats for hills races. Lastly is dialing in your fueling here is critical, and shifting your strength training from strength and power building to maintenance.

Taper which is two phases Peak and Race usually happened about 2 weeks out from your event. This taper phase involves decreasing workout duration and total volume, by anywhere between 20 to 50 percent decrease per week leafing into your event. Race specific intensity should be maintained in your workouts, but putting a rest day or two between workouts is key to keeping you sharp and not overloaded before your event. You are trying to maintain the fitness and decrease fatigue in order to optimize race performance.

Transition/Offseason

What happens after your event/race? That depends. In general 5-7 days of pure recovery is necessary, with even longer at the end of your season. If the time between races is several months apart, move back through base and build periods according to your needs. You should focus more on base for longer races, and build for the shorter ones. And if that's it for your year, recover for several weeks, prepare for a pew more then begin the cycle again.

However you choose to break down the phases, periodization can help you build fitness, decrease the odds of burnout and injury, and maintain motivation. I hope these guidelines help you plan for your next race/event season.

Anxiety During Peri & Post Menopause

When I’m road cycling, I’ll find myself randomly braking on a long fast descent where I used to just bomb down it with gleeful excitement. During my commute home, the reckless driving I see others do will cause me to freak out and before I know it my heart rate is racing, my breath is short, and I feel like I’m about to have an anxiety attack.

If you’re like me, you may have started to notice more often a swift increase in heart rate, maybe some shortness of breath and that feeling of impending doom with just the slightest fear, or maybe it just came out of nowhere. Your mind starts circling about who knows what, but instead of calmly letting it go, you feel that anxious sensation you didn’t used to feel. You brush it off to a busy stressful life. But wait, did you know that is a symptom of changing hormone levels associated with peri and post-menopause?

“Women will say they just thought they couldn’t cope, or they were getting stressed, or they just started dropping balls. They don’t realize it’s menopause. They blame themselves and think it’s their fault. It’s not your fault,” according to Dr. Clare Spencer, Clinical Director of My Menopause Centre. Listen to her interview with Selene Yeager on the podcast Hit Play Not Pause.

First thing women need to understand about hormonal fluctuations, as happens in perimenopause, then the near absence of hormones in postmenopause, all manner of symptoms can crop up. Dr. Spencer explains how estrogen has a very important role in our brain chemistry as it helps coordinate the neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and others that affect our mood. Before perimenopause, our ovaries produce estrogen each month, through a rising and falling system in combination with progesterone. However when our transition begins, aka perimenopause, estrogen fluctuates quite erratically between its highs and lows and can have a more pronounced high and more pronounced low. These changes can cause anxiety to hit you when you least expect it.

In addition to the estrogen dropping, cortisol, which is released at times of stress, can rise, and that keeps your body in a bit of a heightened state of excitement or anticipation. Research shows about half of women suffer from “unspecific anxiety” (meaning you don’t have a specific reason to be freaking out inside) during the menopause transition.


Can You Find Your Inner Calm Again?

First you have to understand that treating your anxiety isn’t going to look exactly like anyone else's treatment. Remember, if one treatment doesn’t work after enough time, try something else. You’ll notice there are many people talking about mindfulness, adaptogens and lifting heavy. These are all important and a great place to start, you don’t need a doctor's prescription for any of this and they all have a low cost of entry.

However, some of us may need a little more help to get through it. This is where Hormone Therapy (HT) comes in handy. First thing you need to know is your general practitioner, nor your OB-Gyn is knowledgeable in peri and postmenopausal symptom treatment. They received no more than a day's worth of training on it during their years in school. This is to say, you need to find a SPECIALIST, someone who has gone the extra step to learn about the physiological difference and requirements of women in the peri and post menopause stages of life.

Admittedly, the research is a bit mixed (due to lack of studies, poor studies, not enough money being set aside for this research, etc…) on what used to be called Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), now referred to as Hormone Therapy (HT). This is because we cannot replace the hormones lost. Instead we are trying to keep things at an even level, avoiding the massive peaks and valleys that can cause the nasty symptoms we all deal with to different degrees.

The hormones we are talking about are Estrogen, Progesterone and even Testosterone. I’m not going to get into what you would need, or even the best way to take it, oral, gel on skin, internal. That is up to you and your specialist. If you don’t have a specialist, I would highly recommend checking out Midi Health. I recently started going through them for my perimenopause symptom issues and in my fist 30 minute visit I got more out of it than years of talking with my GP.

Something to note is that testing your hormone levels isn’t useful either. The hormones in our bodies are literally fluctuating daily and hourly. What IS important is that you track your symptoms with as much detail as possible (time of day, length of symptom, food that may be associated with the spike, etc.). All these details will help your specialist create the right plan for you.

Mindfulness and Therapy Can Help

You may have heard of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). It seems to be the go-to now for anxiety issues. Mindfulness can significantly lower stress, not just in the moment, but also can have long-term stress benefits when practiced daily. It can take some time, ranging from 6 to 9 months before you really notice a significant difference.

What About SSRIs?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and/or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) have been shown to help manage anxiety. SSRIs and SNRIs can also provide mild to moderate relief from night sweats and hot flashes. Knowing whether to utilize HT or SSRI is based on your symptoms. If your symptoms are more physiological in nature, hot flashes etc then HT would be the route. If your symptoms are of clinical anxiety and or depression then SSRI would be the way to go. Then there are the few of us who may need both.

Adaptogens?

Alternative therapy such as adaptogens like ashwagandha can help increase your durability, or put another way, your resilience to stress. When it comes to these types of herbal therapies, the research isn’t as solid as with western medicine studies. Though there is still some good evidence out there on this.

Though there is not the same level of hard research on herbal therapies as there is on pharmaceutical therapies, they are not without scientific evidence, and a February 2023 review on ashwagandha reports that studies suggest the adaptogen may help in the treatment of sleep disorders, improve stress resilience, and reduce anxiety. A side note from it, evidence also suggests it can be helpful for hypothyroidism, so you shouldn’t take it if you’re on thyroid medication.

As with any alternative therapies, it’s important to do your research to know what you’re getting. These industries are poorly regulated and you aren’t given the full details of what you are actually getting. Resources I use to find out whether a product is living up to its promises, are Labdoor.com and ConsumerLab.com. These resources are reputable, and do independently tested supplement brands.

Lifting Weights for Stress Relief

I know from first hand experience that when I do my strength training consistently and with good focus I feel a big difference in my mental and emotional happiness. Good news there is science here, to back this up as well.

Scientific Reports found that regular weight training substantially reduces anxiety. The study involved younger adults (of both genders) who were in good mental health, no specific anxiety disorders, and had positive results. The participants who lifted twice a week for eight weeks scored about 20 percent better on tests of anxiety than their peers who didn’t follow the weight training plan. While this study does focus on younger adults, I’m hopeful this will spur more age-specific studies.

Wrap Up

The best advice I can give, you shouldn’t be suffering. Try something, seek help, try multiple things. Don’t give up. There is something out there for everyone. Just remember what works for your friends might not work for you. Keep trying until you and your specialist have found what works for you.